Wikipedia on association football

Football is generally a free-flowing game — with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play or when play is stopped by the referee for an infringement of the rules. The game is played using a spherical ball of 68–70 cm , 27–28 in, circumference, known as the football (or soccer ball). The World Cup has been held every four years since; by 2019 (it had expanded to 24 national teams), and 1.12 billion viewers watched the competition. Women’s football also faced bans in several other countries, notably in Brazil from 1941 to 1979, in France from 1941 to 1970, and in West Germany from 1955 to 1970.

A player’s or substitute’s misconduct can be penalized by the referee with a caution , yellow card, or a dismissal (red card). The ball remains in play continuously from the start of each playing period with a kick-off until the end, except in cases where it leaves the field or the referee halts the game. To address the relatively high temperatures in some areas, cooling breaks for players were implemented. The positions of the ball and players at kick-offs (goal kicks), penalty kicks, and corner kicks are indicated by additional markings. The goal area is outlined by the goal line, two lines extending 16.5 m (18 yd) from the goalposts on the goal line, running 16.5 m (18 yd) perpendicularly into the pitch, and a line connecting them. In 2008, a standard pitch size of 105 m , 115 yd, long and 68 m (74 yd) wide was initially approved by the IFAB for international matches; however, this resolution was subsequently suspended and never enforced.

Some countries’ top divisions feature highly-paid star players; in smaller countries (lower divisions), and many women’s clubs, players may be part-timers with a second job, or amateurs. Though there are a variety of positions in which the outfield , non-goalkeeper, players are strategically placed by a coach, these positions are not defined or required by the Laws. Players in these positions are referred to AFL predictions this round as outfield players, to distinguish them from the goalkeeper. In the 21st century (South America has continued to produce some of the best footballers in the world), but its clubs have fallen behind the still dominant European clubs, which often sign the best players from Latin America and elsewhere. Association football, commonly known as football or soccer,a is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players who almost exclusively use their feet to propel a ball around a pitch.

This form of slang also gave rise to rugger for rugby football (fiver and tenner for five pound and ten pound notes), and the now-archaic footer that was also a name for association football. Initially spelt assoccer , a shortening of “association”,, it was later reduced to the modern spelling. The term soccer comes from Oxford “-er” slang (which was prevalent at the University of Oxford in England from about 1875), and is thought to have been borrowed from the slang of Rugby School. National associations (e.g. the FA in England, U.S. Soccer in the United States, etc.) are responsible for managing the game in their own countries both professionally and at an amateur level, and coordinating competitions in accordance with the Laws of the Game. Only the goalkeepers may use their hands and arms, but only within their own penalty area.

Laws

During most of the 20th century, the regions of Europe and South America dominated the sport of association football. The origins of the modern rules of association football can be traced back to the mid-19th century — when efforts were made to standardize the diverse versions of football played in England’s public schools; artifacts such as children playing cuju from the 12th century in Song dynasty China and a piece from 375–400 BCE on display at the National Archaeological Museum in Athens illustrate this historical context. According to FIFA (soccer began in Britain around the eighth century), with no historical link found to any ancient games outside of Europe. Players primarily use their feet to control (strike), or pass the ball while the ball is in play; however, they may also utilize other body parts, excluding their hands or arms, with the head, chest, and thighs being frequently employed. The player in the attacking position , No. 10, aims to score by kicking the ball into the net behind the goalkeeper of the opposing team.

Players are forbidden to wear or use anything that is dangerous to themselves or another player, such as jewellery or watches. There are seventeen laws in the official Laws of the Game — each containing a collection of stipulations and guidelines. For example, the 2022–23 season of the English Premier League produced an average of 2.85 goals per match.

In their historic season, Hany Mukhtar and Nashville SC aim for “greater objectives.

• A referee can show a yellow or red card to a player, substitute, substituted player, and to non-players such as managers and support staff.
• Competing to score a goal, two teams consisting of eleven players each strive to get the ball into the goal of the opposing team, which is situated between the posts and beneath the crossbar.
• Most countries supplement the league system with one or more “cup” competitions organised on a knock-out basis.
• From the beginning of each playing period with a kick-off until the end of the playing period (the ball is in play at all times), except when either the ball leaves the field of play, or play is stopped by the referee.
• The game is played using a spherical ball of 68–70 cm , 27–28 in, circumference, known as the football (or soccer ball).

For a more comprehensive list, see List of association football competitions. National associations , or national federations, oversee football within individual countries. Sanctions for such infractions may be levied on individuals or on clubs as a whole. The referee may “call back” play and penalise the original offence if the anticipated advantage does not ensue within “a few seconds”. Rather than stopping play, the referee may allow play to continue if doing so will benefit the team against which an offence has been committed.

Fields for non-international matches may be 90–120 m , 100–130 yd, in length and 45–90 m (50–100 yd) in width, provided the pitch does not become square. The length of the pitch, or field, for international adult matches is in the range of 100–110 m , 110–120 yd, and the width is in the range of 64–75 m (70–80 yd). As the Laws were formulated in England (and were initially administered solely by the four British football associations within IFAB), the standard dimensions of a football pitch were originally expressed in imperial units.

Such informal games can have team sizes that vary from eleven-a-side, can use a limited or modified subset of the official rules, and can be self-officiated by the players. These leagues also generated a combined €17.2 billion in revenue in the 2021–22 season from television contracts, matchday tickets, sponsorships, and other sources. Most competitions enforce mandatory suspensions for players who are sent off in a game. A player given a yellow card is said to have been “booked”, the referee writing the player’s name in their official notebook.

However, the women’s game was frowned upon by the British football associations and continued without their support. Informal matches between Scotland and England are reported to have taken place in 1881, but are not officially recognised by the respective football associations. There is documented evidence of women’s early involvement in association football. Frescoes from the Han dynasty , 25–220 CE, depict female figures playing the ancient Chinese game cuju. Nevertheless, women have been playing football and similar games for as long as such games have existed. Women’s association football has historically seen opposition, with national associations severely curbing its development and several outlawing it completely.

At the end of a season — which typically runs from August to May, the top team is declared the champion. In the Old World , Africa, Asia and Europe,, it is common for each team to play every other team in its league at home and away in each season, in a round-robin tournament. The governing bodies in each country operate league systems in a domestic season (normally comprising several divisions), in which the teams gain points throughout the season depending on results, usually three points for a win, one for a draw and zero for a defeat.